SIMFONI: Jurnal Sains dan Sosial Multidisipliner
Simfoni: Jurnal Sains dan Sosial Multidisipliner adalah jurnal ilmiah yang menyajikan artikel-artikel hasil penelitian dalam berbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan sosial. Jurnal ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan dan mengembangkan ide-ide inovatif yang menghubungkan berbagai disiplin ilmu, termasuk sains, teknologi, sosial, ekonomi, pendidikan dan humaniora. Melalui publikasi berkualitas tinggi, Simfoni menyediakan platform bagi para akademisi, peneliti, dan praktisi untuk berbagi temuan-temuan terbaru yang dapat memberi dampak positif bagi masyarakat dan pembangunan ilmu pengetahuan. Jurnal ini berkomitmen untuk mendukung dialog antara ilmu pengetahuan dan praktik sosial dalam dunia yang terus berkembang. Simfoni: Jurnal Sains dan Sosial Multidisipliner terbit 4 kali dalam setahun yaitu November, Februari, Mei, Agustus.
Divisi Penelitian Yayasan Simfoni Ilmu Cendekia
Arabic Language Learning Motivation Among Non-Native Learners: A Systematic Literature Review (2020–2026)
Motivation is a crucial driver for the sustained learning of Arabic among non-native speakers; however, the construct is simultaneously influenced by religious goals, identity, integrativeness, self-efficacy, the learning environment, and instructional design. This article aims to map motivational orientations, personal and contextual factors, pedagogical strategies, and sources of demotivation based on research conducted between 2020 and 2026. The review adapts PRISMA 2020 principles to analyze a verified corpus of 32 sources. Six books serve as the theoretical and methodological foundation, one secondary review article acts as a point of comparison, and 25 journal articles are included in the thematic synthesis. The results reveal four primary patterns. First, religious-spiritual motivation is a strong distinguishing characteristic, particularly among Muslim learners. Second, identity, integrativeness, autonomy, metacognition, self-efficacy, and learning strategies interact dynamically with learning outcomes. Third, supportive environments, teacher competence, curriculum relevance, social interaction, and classroom experiences shape the quality of motivation. Fourth, collaborative learning and digital media—such as LMS, gamification, game-based learning, Instagram, dubbing, and CIRC—tend to enhance attention, engagement, self-confidence, and satisfaction, whereas infrastructure barriers, monotonous methods, limited interaction, and linguistic difficulties trigger demotivation. This study proposes an integrative model of motivation that positions the learner as an individual within a specific context and recommends longitudinal, cross-level, and cross-cultural research utilizing validated instruments.
Copyright (c) 2026 SIMFONI: Jurnal Sains dan Sosial Multidisipliner
The Role of Sharia-Compliant Investment in Promoting MSME Growth in Indonesia: An Integrative Literature Review
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) hold a strategic position in the Indonesian economy, yet they still face gaps in access to capital, low financial literacy, limited managerial capacity, and uneven technology adoption. This article aims to analyze the role of Islamic (sharia) investment in driving MSME growth through the integration of commercial finance, Islamic social finance, financial technology, and the strengthening of the business ecosystem. The study employs an integrative literature review, examining scientific articles, books, regulations, and official reports from the Financial Services Authority (OJK), Bank Indonesia, BAZNAS, and government bodies. The literature was selected based on its relevance to MSME financing, Islamic microfinance, productive zakat, waqf, financial inclusion, and digitalization. The findings reveal four main pathways of contribution. First, murabahah, mudharabah, musyarakah, ijarah, and salam contracts provide capital alternatives linked to real economic activity. Second, productive zakat, cash waqf, and qard hasan can serve as initial capital and graduation instruments for vulnerable business actors. Third, Islamic fintech expands outreach, lowers transaction costs, and supports digital record-keeping and marketing. Fourth, the success of Islamic investment depends on synergy among regulation, literacy, mentoring, governance, halal certification, and market access. The main obstacles include low sharia financial inclusion, information asymmetry, weak business record-keeping, the dominance of trade-based financing, and the lack of integration between commercial and social finance. This article recommends a staged Islamic investment ecosystem model that aligns instruments with the developmental stage of MSMEs.
Investasi syariah; UMKM; pembiayaan syariah; zakat produktif; inklusi keuangan; fintech syariah.
Computational Geometry Modeling of a Modular Breeze-Block Design Using Maple: Symmetry, Transformation, and Script Validation
This study aims to model, examine, and validate the two-dimensional geometric construction of a modular roster design using Maple. The initial manuscript used the term roaster and interpreted the pattern as a component of a coffee-roasting machine, whereas the configuration of two repeated square modules is more consistent with an architectural roster or breeze block. This study employed a descriptive-computational approach through syntax inventory, coordinate mapping, element measurement, transformation analysis, symmetry examination, and script reproducibility auditing. The results show that the intended model consists of two units measuring 6 × 6 units, centered at (3, 3) and (9, 3). Each unit contains 24 primary points, 24 segments forming six alternating square layers, and 13 circles. The areas of the six polygonal layers form the sequence 36, 18, 9, 4.5, 2.25, and 1.125 square units, with a constant ratio of 1/2. The second unit is obtained through the translation <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>T</m:r><m:r>(6,0)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27.5pt; height:11.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/ASUSEX~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , while each ideal unit exhibits dihedral symmetry <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>D</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>4</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11pt;height:11.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/ASUSEX~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> . The audit identified several important inconsistencies in the script, including incorrect object terminology, four undefined corner circles in Unit II, two groups of circles omitted from the display command, inconsistent line thicknesses, and a view range that did not explicitly cover both units. After revision, the model consists of 48 primary points, 48 segments, and 26 circles that can be fully visualized. This model is suitable as a basis for parametric design and geometry learning; however, it cannot yet be used to draw conclusions regarding ventilation, lighting, thermal performance, or structural strength before solid-void modeling and physical simulations are conducted.
Maple; geometri komputasional; roster; transformasi geometri; simetri D4; desain parametrik.
Implementation of Local Wisdom-Based Contextual Teaching and Learning in Geography Education at Junior and Senior High Schools in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review
This study aims to map the trends, methodological characteristics, and dominant findings in the implementation of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) based on local wisdom in geography education at the junior and senior secondary school levels in Indonesia. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach was employed using the SPIDER framework, with reporting following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A total of 32 SINTA-indexed articles were selected through a staged screening process from the Garuda database, Google Scholar, and the SINTA portal, covering the publication period 2015–2025. The analysis results show that 46.9% of the studies employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design, with senior secondary school (SMA) predominating (59.4%). The local wisdom most frequently integrated originated from the island of Java (50.0%) and Bali (15.6%), particularly Pranata Mangsa and Subak. The dominant findings include improvements in cognitive learning outcomes (75% of articles; mean N-Gain of 0.62, moderate category), increased student motivation and engagement, and the strengthening of cultural identity and environmental awareness. This study identifies four major gaps, most notably the scarcity of studies in Eastern Indonesia (6.25%), the absence of longitudinal studies, and limitations in measuring non-cognitive variables. These findings provide a landscape map of the research as well as a priority agenda for the development of contextual geography education in Indonesia.
Mental Health Literacy or Medicalization? The Impact of Psychology Content on TikTok on Generation Z Self-Diagnosis
This integrative literature review examines whether psychology content on TikTok strengthens mental health literacy or promotes the medicalization of ordinary distress and self-diagnosis among Generation Z. Peer-reviewed publications from 2019 to July 2026 were traced through PubMed, Google Scholar, and publisher databases, supplemented by foundational literature on mental health literacy, medicalization, and media effects. Twenty-eight publications were analyzed thematically. The synthesis identifies a dual pathway. TikTok may increase access to psychological language, normalize help-seeking, reduce isolation, and connect young people with professional resources. Conversely, symptom checklists, decontextualized personal narratives, inaccurate information, and algorithmic repetition may encourage overidentification, self-labeling, health anxiety, and the interpretation of common emotional experiences as psychiatric disorders. Evidence does not support a simple deterministic conclusion: effects vary according to content quality, prior distress, digital health literacy, source credibility, and access to professional assessment. The article proposes an exposure–identification–algorithmic reinforcement–self-labeling–action model and recommends TikTok-informed assessment, nonjudgmental diagnostic clarification, and algorithmically informed mental health literacy in counseling and psychotherapy.
Development of Contextual Learning Design Based on Newman's Diagnosis in Junior High School Fraction Material
The digital era demands strong mathematical literacy, yet students often encounter significant obstacles with fractions, particularly in word problems. This study aimed to develop a contextual learning design integrating the Newman Diagnosis to analyze and enhance the mathematical literacy of female junior high school students regarding fraction operations. Employing the Research and Development (R&D) method based on the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation), the study involved 34 seventh-grade female students from SMP Plus Darussalam. Data collection involved preliminary observation, expert validation, pre-tests, post-tests, and an analysis of error patterns using the Newman model. The results demonstrated that the learning design—comprising a teaching module and Student Activity Sheets (LAS) structured according to the Newman framework—possessed very high validity (validation scores ranging from 81.82% to 90.91%). Implementation of the product proved effective in significantly improving mathematical literacy, evidenced by an increase in the mean score from 18.03 (pre-test) to 37.56 (post-test) and a moderate N-Gain category across all literacy indicators. Error analysis revealed that the students' errors were concentrated primarily in the Transformation (47.45%) and Process Skills (46.86%) stages, while error rates in the Reading (17.25%) and Comprehension (17.25%) stages were comparatively low. It is concluded that integrating Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) with the Newman Diagnosis successfully addressed systematic conceptual barriers, established a coherent problem-solving flow, and tangibly fostered students' mathematical literacy regarding fractions.
Sanguinis Students' Spatial Ability Profile
Spatial ability is an important ability in geometry learning. This spatial ability can be influenced by the personality type of students. One of the personality types that humans have is sanguine. Sanguine students have a problem-solving level classified as level 5. This study is a qualitative descriptive study that explains the spatial perception, spatial visualization, and mental rotation abilities of sanguine students. Data analysis used is personality questionnaire analysis, test result analysis, and interview result analysis. The research subjects were students of class X MIPA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Jember who were sanguine. The results of the study explain that sanguine students were able to fulfill every indicator of the elements of spatial perception and mental rotation, and fulfilled one indicator of the spatial visualization element. The dominant creative and innovative nature makes sanguine students able to solve mental rotation problems well.
Golden Age: The Urgency of Developmental Counseling and the Collaborative Role of Parents and Counselors
The Golden Age is a crucial period in a child's development, as it is the time of rapid growth and the formation of the foundations of personality. This article examines the importance of developmental counseling services as an approach that supports the overall growth and development of children from an early age. It also discusses the collaborative role of parents and counselors in creating a harmonious environment responsive to children's developmental needs. Drawing on theoretical support from figures such as Santrock and Bronfenbrenner, this article emphasizes that the active involvement of both parties is crucial to the success of the child support process. With effective synergy, children's potential can be optimally developed, and potential problems can be effectively addressed early
Implementation of Behavior Counseling with Islamic Shaping Techniques in Overcoming Bullying Behavior of Grade VII Students at MTsN 2 Surabaya City
This study aims to explain the application of Behavioral Counseling with Islamic Formation Techniques to reduce bullying behavior among students. Bullying is a serious problem that can hinder the creation of a safe and supportive learning environment. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of the study involved seventh-grade students of MTsN 2 Kota Surabaya who were detected to have a tendency to bully behavior. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation from Guidance and Counseling teachers and students who acted as respondents. The results of the study indicate that the application of Behavioral Counseling with Islamic Formation Techniques, which focuses on the gradual formation of positive behavior through reinforcement based on Islamic values, successfully suppressed bullying behavior among students. Therefore, this method can be an appropriate counseling strategy choice to encourage better social behavior in schools
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) Counseling in Addressing Verbally Aggressive Behavior of Students in Junior High Schools
This study aims to determine the application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) counseling services in addressing verbally aggressive behavior in a student with the initials MDW at MTsN 2 Lamongan. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed through the case study stages including problem identification, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, evaluation, and follow-up. The results showed that CBT counseling services were effective in helping reduce verbally aggressive behavior in students after being given treatment in the form of initial assessment and diagnosis, report preparation, commitment making, behavior modification, and evaluation and follow-up. Positive changes in the MDW research subject were characterized by changes in cognitive, emotional control, and social behavior as seen through the ability to manage emotions, as well as being able to communicate more assertively and constructively in social situations. Thus, CBT is an effective approach in counseling services to address verbally aggressive behavior in students in the school environment.
The Effectiveness of Google Earth as a Geography Learning Medium on High School Students' Spatial Thinking Skills: A Systematic Literature Review
Spatial thinking ability is an essential competency in geography learning that demands optimal use of technology-based media. This study aims to systematically analyze the effectiveness of Google Earth as a geography learning medium on the spatial thinking ability of senior high school students. The method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA protocol. Literature searches were conducted through Google Scholar, ERIC, and Scopus databases using predetermined keywords, covering publications from 2015 to 2024. Of 187 identified articles, 24 met the inclusion criteria and were thoroughly analyzed. Results indicate that: (1) Google Earth consistently improves students' spatial thinking ability with an average increase of 23.4% compared to conventional learning; (2) the highest effectiveness was found in topography, distribution pattern analysis, and image interpretation; (3) integrating Google Earth with Problem-Based Learning and Project-Based Learning models yielded more significant impacts. These findings have important implications for geography teachers and curriculum developers in designing geospatial technology-based learning.
Analysis of the Utilization of Arabic Language Reference Collections at the UIMSYA Library for PBA Students
This research is motivated by the phenomenon of low interest in visiting and utilizing references by Arabic Language Education (PBA) students at the As-Syafa’ah IAIDA Blokagung Library, which is suspected to be due to the lack of up-to-date Arabic literature collections. This study aims to determine the condition of the facilities and measure the effectiveness of Arabic language references for students in the Arabic Language Education (PBA) program. The method used is descriptive quantitative with a population of 156 students and a sample of 40 respondents taken thru the Simple Random Sampling technique. Data were collected thru observation, documentation, and questionnaires, then analyzed using simple linear regression thru SPSS software. The research results indicate that the current condition of library facilities and infrastructure is still categorized as minimal and does not yet meet the National Standards for Higher Education Libraries, particularly in the ratio of reading room area to the total number of students. Nevertheless, the hypothesis test results (t-test) show a $t_{hitung}$ value of (5.973) > t_{tabel}$ (2.024), which means that Arabic language references have a significant effectiveness for PBA students. The $R^2$ value of 0.484 indicates that the Arabic language reference variable contributes 48.4% to the fulfillment of students' literature needs, while the remaining percentage is influenced by other factors. The research concludes that although the collection is effective, an increase in volume and an update of the literature are necessary to optimize the service.
Population Migration in Pasuruan Regency: A Human Geography Review Based on BPS Data (SP2020–Sakernas–IPM)
Migrasi internal merupakan strategi rumah tangga untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan melalui akses kerja dan pendidikan yang lebih baik. Artikel ini menganalisis dinamika migrasi penduduk Kabupaten Pasuruan dengan menekankan dua pendorong utama: pekerjaan dan pendidikan, menggunakan data sekunder Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Data yang digunakan meliputi kerangka migrasi dari Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020 (SP2020-LF), indikator ketenagakerjaan dari Berita Resmi Statistik (BRS) Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan Kabupaten Pasuruan Agustus 2024, serta indikator pendidikan dari BRS Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Kabupaten Pasuruan 2024. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan pendekatan geografi manusia (push–pull), menautkan kondisi pasar kerja dan capaian pendidikan daerah asal dengan potensi tarikan wilayah tujuan (kawasan perkotaan/industri di Jawa Timur). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa konteks pasar kerja Pasuruan ditandai oleh TPAK 75,31% dan TPT 5,02% (Agustus 2024), dengan struktur pekerjaan didominasi sektor jasa (40,97%) dan manufaktur (33,89%). Pada dimensi pendidikan, Harapan Lama Sekolah (HLS) 12,78 tahun dan Rata-rata Lama Sekolah (RLS) 7,46 tahun (2024). Dalam profil migrasi, komposisi penduduk Pasuruan yang pindah menunjukkan proporsi laki-laki sedikit lebih besar daripada perempuan. Temuan ini menguatkan interpretasi bahwa migrasi kerja cenderung terkait usia produktif, akses kerja formal, dan jaringan industri regional, sementara migrasi pendidikan terkait konsentrasi layanan pendidikan menengah–tinggi di pusat-pusat kota. Artikel menutup dengan rekomendasi kebijakan penguatan pendidikan vokasi, perluasan akses pendidikan pasca-SMP, dan peningkatan kualitas pekerjaan lokal untuk menekan migrasi terpaksa sekaligus memaksimalkan dampak positif mobilitas penduduk.
migrasi internal, mobilitas penduduk, pasar kerja, pendidikan, Kabupaten Pasuruan, Jawa Timur.
Copyright (c) 2025 SIMFONI: Jurnal Sains dan Sosial Multidisipliner
Examining the Contribution of Baduy Ethnomathematics to Enhancing Non-Routine Problem-Solving Skills
This study aims to synthesize the contribution of Baduy ethnomathematics in enhancing students’ non-routine problem-solving skills. The research is motivated by the gap between formal mathematics learning, which often emphasizes routine procedures, and the need to develop higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). The method employed was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using the PRISMA protocol, covering 20 primary studies published between 2020 and 2025. The analysis focused on identifying mathematical concepts embedded in Baduy cultural practices, models of classroom implementation, and their relevance to Polya’s problem-solving heuristics. The findings reveal three major thematic clusters: spatial geometry and transformation (ratios in Sulah Nyanda houses, symmetry in weaving), communal arithmetic and measurement (quintal number system, non-standard units), and patterns and logical structures (customary rules, agricultural cycles). Implementation was most effective through Project-Based Learning (PjBL) and Guided Inquiry, which significantly improved students’ ability to devise strategies and validate solutions. The study concludes that integrating Baduy ethnomathematics supports all stages of Polya’s heuristics—understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back. Its specific contribution lies in providing a cultural cognitive infrastructure that enhances motivation, encourages non-conventional strategies, and facilitates authentic validation. These findings highlight the role of ethnomathematics not merely as contextual enrichment but as a fundamental pedagogical instrument for cultivating critical and creative thinking in mathematics education.
Cultural Integration in Mathematics Education
Sharia Investment: (Investment in Joint Ventures and Associated Entities) and Fixed Assets on Financial Performance in the Jakarta Islamic Index 30 (JII-30) 2021-2024 ndex 30 (Jii-30) Tahun 2021-2024
The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is an effect of X1 (amount of investment in joint ventures and associates), X2 (fixed assets) on Y (EPS) in companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index 30 (JII-30) for the period 2021-2024, both partially and simultaneously. This study uses a quantitative approach. The data source used is secondary data. The sample used is the quarterly financial reports of manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sub-sector in the Jakarta Islamic Index 30 (JII 30) for the period 2021-2024, totaling 8 companies. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The data collection technique used documentation. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis. The regression results show that 1) X1 (total investment in joint ventures and associates) with a sig. value of 0.784 > 0.05, so there is no significant effect. 2) X2 (fixed assets) with a Sig. value of 0.815 > 0.05, so there is no significant effect. 3) X1 (total investment in joint ventures and associates) and X2 (fixed assets) simultaneously do not have a significant effect on Y (Earnings per Share). The conclusion of this study is that, partially and simultaneously, the variables of sharia investment in joint ventures and associated entities, as well as fixed assets, do not have a significant effect on financial performance as measured by the Earnings per Share (EPS) indicator.
Counseling Communication from the Perspective of Guidance and Counseling Science and Communication Science: A Literature Review Study
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mensintesis konsep komunikasi konseling sebagai kajian interdisipliner dalam Ilmu Bimbingan dan Konseling serta Ilmu Komunikasi. Komunikasi konseling dipandang sebagai elemen penting dalam membangun hubungan terapeutik dan mendukung efektivitas proses konseling. Artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain literature review untuk menganalisis dan mensintesis konsep komunikasi konseling dari perspektif Ilmu Bimbingan dan Konseling serta Ilmu Komunikasi. Data diperoleh dari dokumen ilmiah berupa artikel jurnal dan buku akademik yang diterbitkan pada periode 2020-2025 dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis isi kualitatif serta analisis tematik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi konseling berfungsi sebagai fondasi hubungan terapeutik dengan penekanan pada komunikasi interpersonal, seperti empati, keterampilan mendengarkan aktif, dan sensitivitas terhadap konteks sosial budaya. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa komunikasi konseling merupakan inti praktik konseling dan memiliki implikasi teoretis serta praktis bagi pengembangan kajian akademik dan kompetensi profesional.
Komunikasi Konseling, Bimbingan Dan Konseling, Ilmu Komunikasi, Literature Review.
Strategy for Increasing the Capacity of Pokdarwis in Developing Tourism Villages in Lamongan Regency
The development of tourist villages requires the active role of tourism awareness groups (Pokdarwis) as the main drivers at the village level. This study aims to analyze strategies for increasing the capacity of Pokdarwis in developing tourist villages in Lamongan Regency. The study used a qualitative approach with a case study method in several existing and developing tourist villages. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that increasing the capacity of Pokdarwis can be done through three main strategies: (1) strengthening human resource competencies through intensive training and mentoring, (2) multi-stakeholder collaboration between the government, universities, tourism actors, and local communities, and (3) program innovation based on local potential to increase tourist attractions. This study contributes to the understanding of strategies for strengthening Pokdarwis so that they are able to manage tourist villages sustainably.
Synergy of STEM and Geography: Developing Critical Thinking Skills in High School Students for the Future
The digital age and global challenges require young people to have strong critical thinking skills. Geography, as a discipline that studies the relationship between humans and their environment, plays an important role in shaping spatial, analytical, and problem-solving skills. However, the effectiveness of geography learning in developing critical skills can be significantly improved through integration with the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) approach. This review article aims to comprehensively analyze the synergy between STEM and Geography in building critical skills in high school students. The literature search methodology was conducted through leading scientific databases with strict inclusion criteria to identify relevant studies published in the last five years. The main findings show that the integration of STEM in geography learning not only enriches the understanding of geographical concepts but also effectively trains students in spatial data analysis, modeling, information evaluation, and solving complex problems faced in the real world. This article outlines various innovative learning strategies and implementation challenges, as well as identifying existing research gaps. The results of this review are expected to provide practical guidance for high school geography students and teachers in designing curricula and teaching methods that combine the strengths of STEM to equip students with essential critical skills in facing a dynamic future.